March 22, 2006
VOD, DVR's and the Cable Providers
New consumer research from the Leichtman Research Group, finds that nearly three quarters of VOD users who have a DVR from their cable company strongly agree that their cable service is better because they have both Video-on-Demand (VOD) and a Digital Video Recorder (DVR). Few report that they are likely to switch providers.
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Just 15% feel that they don't need a DVR because they have on-demand service, and 19% feel that they don't need on-demand service because they have a DVR.
Among VOD users who have a DVR:
Mean spending on cable TV service is $76.65 per month (43% above average)
78% also get high-speed Internet from cable
Mean annual household income is 42% above average
65% of current digital cable subscribers have used VOD
Just 16% of current VOD users report that they would be very likely to pay $0.99 to get a primetime program on-demandPosted by Martino Mingione at 09:31 AM | Comments (25) | TrackBack
March 08, 2006
Schedule your TiVo from your cell phone
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TiVo subscribers will soon be able to program television recordings straight from cell phones using the Verizon Wireless network.
Dubbed TiVo Mobile, it's also the latest feature the company is introducing to help differentiate itself from the growing number of rival DVR offerings from cable and satellite TV operators.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 01:25 PM | Comments (19) | TrackBackDecember 28, 2005
TiVo: 'Buy our DVR to skip ads and we will sell different ads to you'
How many times have we heard someone use TiVo as a verb – as in ‘I’ll tivo that and watch it later.’ Like Google, TiVo has built a brand name that is recognized well beyond its actual customer base. Four years ago, it looked like TiVo would become a dominant consumer platform.
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But what is happening is they're getting a smaller and smaller piece of a growing DVR marketplace.
NBC cable exec Tom Rogers made the jump to CEO in July, taking over for co-founder Michael Ramsay, an engineer more attuned to the tech business than the entertainment world. Since then, Rogers has injected the company with a media-orientation.
It would appear that Tom Rogers is focused on being more than just a tech company. Like the media-savvy management team at Yahoo!, he wants TiVo to also be a media company. And a big part of that strategy is to become more attractive to advertisers. TiVo will need as many advertising partnerships as possible in order to scale the business and make real money off it. This is ironic since they are also responsible for creating the very box that helps viewers skip traditional commercials on television.
But I did not write this post to take any pot shots at them. Quite the contrary, I understand the compelling business reasons for them to do this. The odds are stacked against them and I think I see them misfiring on some tactical executions that will be necessary. But I wish them good fortune in their attempt.
December 09, 2005
Oh, you asked if our new service could scale. I thought you asked if it could stall.
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TiVo announced nearly a month ago new services that include movie tickets from Fandango, shared photo slide shows, weather and traffic information from Yahoo!, and Internet radio shows and podcasts. They'll be free to TiVo subscribers, who already either pay a monthly fee of $13 or have purchased a lifetime subscription.
But many people won't see the new features for another two months, according to a company spokesman, who called the distribution of software updates a "progressive rollout."
Especially eager TiVo owners can attempt to expedite their machine's download of the software by going to a page on the TiVo.com site called "software priority request," but the new functions may still not arrive for several weeks.
December 05, 2005
So, when I record a show, it still counts as Live TV?
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Beginning Dec. 26, Nielsen will report three separate data streams: 1) “live,” viewing excluding any DVR playback; 2) “live plus same day,” live viewers and those who played back programs on a DVR within one day of their initial airing; and 3) “live plus seven,” live viewers and those who played back programs on a DVR within a week of their initial airing.
Preliminary Nielsen research shows that network programming as a whole registers 4% more viewers when DVR users are factored in.
Broadcasting and Cable said that many “ad buyers, not surprisingly, don’t like the new streams and say they won’t include DVR viewers in deals they make during next spring’s upfront; more viewers mean more money that advertisers could be asked to shell out.”
The media buyers are likely correct. Rarely do I watch any commercials and will even pause live TV just enough so that I can watch an almost-live show by still skipping the ads. (question to Nielsen: what category does that fall into?) DVR viewers skip through as much as 90% of ads, according to research from Magna Global USA, Interpublic’s media-buying unit.
What many people might not realize is that Nielsen has been incorporating programs recorded on VCRs into its “live” sample for years.
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Read the entire Broadcasting and Cable article (sorry, subscription required) |
MediaPost Publications
NIELSEN FINALLY RELEASED A COMPLETE set of its new ratings including DVR playback, and the initial impact has been statistically negligible.
December 02, 2005
Connecting Dots
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AUSTAR to Use Thomson Hardware, OpenTV Software for New PVR Service
Pay-TV provider AUSTAR provides service to regional and rural Australia to around 525,331 subscribers.
According to the company, it will use hardware from French electronics giant, Thomson. Pricing was not disclosed. The box will incorporate a digital terrestrial tuner to receive free-to-air DTT signals, three satellite tuners; a 160GB hard drive; and conditional access technology from Irdeto Access.
It will also have two-way interactive TV capabilities, and will run OpenTV's OpenTV Core middleware and that company's PVR 2.0 software Australia's other major pay-TV provider, Foxtel, also uses OpenTV's middleware and PVR platform.
"In opting for Thomson's PDR, our customers will enjoy the best interactive television experience, watching what they want, when they want," AUSTAR CEO, John Porter, said in a prepared statement.
November 19, 2005
People, do you really know how to use your DVR?
The phrase 'time shifted' television is what happens when people record their favorite shows onto a DVR and watch them later. In my household, it is probably fair to say that over 90% of television is time shifted and we skip the ads whenever possible. But, recent evidence suggests that this practice is not widespread.
In a CBS study, DVR users estimated that they time shift 40% of their TV viewing. In a similar TiVo study, customers estimated their time-shifted viewing at 32%. However, in the recent Houston trial of Arbitron’s portable people meters (PPMs), a passive media measurement tool, DVR households only time-shifted 9% of their TV viewing. The PPM study also showed time-shifted viewing varied by household member.
That tells me that advertisers have far less to fear from the wide-scale adaption of DVR's across America. The alternative possibility is that people in Houston don't know how to use their devices yet! (just kidding, Houstonians). But just in case, I checked at Amazon.com and did find a book called TiVo for Dummies
Nielsen is already measuring time-shifted viewing in metered markets that don’t use local people meters, or LPMs. On Dec. 26, Nielsen will begin rolling out its active-passive meters, which detect time-shifted viewing.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 12:34 PM | Comments (17) | TrackBackSeptember 16, 2005
Is YuVo trademarked yet?
DVR vendor/service provider, TiVo, has trademarked the words "Mevo" and "Mivo." No word yet what they plan on doing with those trademarks. Do you have any thoughts on this?
September 12, 2005
The TiVolution will be televised
There was an interesting story about TiVo in the San Jose Mercury News. Essentially, it said that despite posting its first ever profit, the "company warned Wall Street it would sacrifice earnings later this year as it aggressively seeks new subscribers."
TiVo's new chief executive, Tom Rogers, offered an unvarnished appraisal of the company's prospects and conceded considerable challenges lie ahead.
"Near term, we clearly have some difficulties that we clearly have to confront with a clear sense of reality," said Rogers, a TiVo board member who took over as chief executive six week ago. "In facing those realities we need to create a clear path for TiVo as a central player in the future of the television landscape."
Stiking more deals like the one recently with Comcast appears to be a central focus. I might note that in the U.S., the Comcast deal has already given them the largest boost that they could get from an arrangement like that. Time Warner could be equally significant but then it's all down hill after that.
More likely, the company's future will be levered to whether it can capitalize on building up revenue from advertising initiative. I know that Comcast's advertising folks (a.k.a., Spotlight) are spending a considerable amount of time with TiVo.
September 08, 2005
Advertisers, relax, it's only your most coveted viewers who will skip your ads
Magna Global reports that in the second quarter around 965,000 subscribers signed up for DVRs, down from 1.15 million in the prior quarter and 1.32 million in the fourth quarter of 2004. There are currently around 8 million DVR subscribers in the U.S.
“We believe this quarter’s decline reflects the gradual maturation of the marketplace for DVRs,” read the report, written by Brian Weiser, director of industry analysis at the Interpublic Group of Cos.-owned research unit.
“If predictions of large numbers of DVR subscriptions in the next couple of years are unfounded -- and the data we are seeing shows the rate of growth is slowing, not increasing -- our point of view is that DVRs appeal to higher-end subscribers,” Mr. Weiser told AdAge.com. (emphasis added)
Time Warner Cable added 132,000 DVR subscribers with its current total standing at 1.1 million or 22.4% of its digital cable homes. Comcast has a total of 775,000 DVRs in the market.
August 16, 2005
TiVo: the next Open Platform (and Akimbo competitor too)
I would like to encourage any DVR owner to comment upon TiVo’s trajectory of becoming a broadband platform for broadband content services. OK, you don’t even have to own a DVR to let me know what you think.
Downloading TV Programs
TiVo has begun a trial in which a select group of its subscribers can download TV shows to their boxes' hard drives via a broadband connection, in advance of those shows' linear TV broadcast. The commercial launch of this service is expected in October.
Content for the trial is being provided by the Independent Film Channel.
To receive TiVo Download features and programming, your TiVo Series2 DVR must be connected to the Internet via broadband, using a USB network adapter. For more information on how to connect your TiVo DVR to broadband, go to www.tivo.com/adapters.
Going beyond TV Content
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TV programming is apparently just one kind of content that TiVo plans to allow its broadband-equipped subscribers to download. A recent issue of its subscriber newsletter provided some clues about its broadband plans:
"This fall, we'll be introducing a host of fun, creative, useful and just plain clever broadband features, including: getting select TV shows and programming via broadband to your TiVo box [and] games, streaming radio, podcasting, and more."
Back in January, TiVo launched a Java SDK contest whereby they opened up access to their box and let anyone write whatever application they wanted to create. Then, each submittal was judged by James Gosling, CTO of Sun Microsystems' developer products group, and Chris Anderson, editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine. The winning applications were:
"Music Monkey" which was developed by Jeremy Brooks and which TiVo says "tests how familiar you are with your own music library ... with a monkey twist."
"Flickr" which was developed by Andrew Wallace and which "provides a TiVo interface to the popular photo sharing service of the same name, including contact lists and tagging." Fred Wilson should love that.
"NBC Trivia" which was developed by Courtney Wilson and which TiVo describes as "a trivia engine featuring a smooth interface and trivia questions from Seinfeld and Friends."
"Digital Home" which TiVo says allows subscribers to "control everything in your home through TiVo: lights, shades, and even security cameras -- all from the comfort of your couch."
"Galleon" which was developed by Leon Nicholls and which TiVo describes as "a Swiss army knife of applications" which "besides supporting music, photos and Internet radio and also allows TiVo owners to transfer their favorite shows to their computer remotely."
"AudioFaucet" which was developed by Kyle Copeland and which TiVo says "exhibits a high degree of polish and integration, allowing anyone using iTunes to control their music library from their living room couch [and provides] a beautiful interface supporting album art and track ratings."
Opening up an architecture to the world and unleashing a million creative people worked for FireFox when they wanted a better Internet browser. At first blush, I think this strategy just might work for TiVo, too.
So what do you all think – is this transformation going to work for TiVo? Do you like the idea of the TiVo set top box becoming a ‘platform’ that others write applets for? What would you want to see?
Some of the above information came from ITVT.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 03:06 PM | Comments (251) | TrackBackTiVo Shareholders Still in Denial
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The value of TiVo's shares declined over 6% in heavy trading last Thursday, after Reuters reported that DirecTV CEO Chase Carey had said that his company would cease marketing and promoting TiVo's DVR service as soon as it launches a DVR of its own later this year. I am surprised that there are still TiVo shareholders that did not know that this was inevitable.
DirecTV's "DirecTV with TiVo" service currently makes up around two thirds of TiVo's subscriber base. At the end of the first quarter, 2.1 million of TiVo's subscribers were "DirecTV with TiVo" customers, as were 247,000 of the 319,000 net new subscribers the company gained during the quarter.
DirecTV is planning to offer a high-capacity DVR, based on the XTV technology of its sister company, NDS. In addition, DirecTV plans to launch sometime next year an ultra-high-capacity version of the new box, which will be designed to enable the satellite TV provider to download a broad selection of encrypted movies and TV programming to its hard drive. This move helps mitigate part of the competitive disadvantage it faces from the VOD services offered by cable operators.
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The new Sky Def Set Top Box replacing TiVo also has broadband connectivity. |
TiVo appears to be conducting a two-pronged strategy to make up for the possible loss of the "DirecTV with TiVo" business.
On the one hand, it is pursuing deals with cable operators: in March, it announced that it had reached a non-exclusive deal with Comcast to integrate its service with the latter's DVR's. Time Warner Cable CEO, Glenn Britt, confirmed that his company is also in talks with TiVo.
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My take back in March about the Comcast/TiVo numbers. |
On the other hand, it appears to be hoping to increase the appeal of its "standalone" service, by, among other things, transforming it into a vehicle for the delivery of broadband programming. On this second point, Om Malik has an interesting question: why not just buy Akimbo?
Posted by Martino Mingione at 02:31 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBackJuly 28, 2005
Motorola's Set-Top Unit Reports Increased Sales, Earnings
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Motorola’s stock has been trending up nicely for the last two months mostly on the strength of its cellular phone strength. However, the company has good news from its set top box unit, too.
Second quarter financial results and shipment totals for its Connected Home Solutions Segment (i.e. its set-top box division):
-- Sales totaled $718 million, up 35% from the year-ago quarter.
-- Operating earnings totaled $47 million, compared to $38 million for the year-ago quarter.
-- Set-top box shipments totaled 1.95 million units, compared to 1.4 million units for the preceding quarter. The company claims to have shipped a total of 39.2 million set-tops to date.
-- Shipments of thin-client digital set-tops totaled 1.12 million, compared to 691,000 for the preceding quarter.
-- Shipments of HD DVR's totaled 644,000, compared to 545,000 for the preceding quarter, while shipments of HD set-tops totaled 191,000, compared to 153,000 for the preceding quarter.Posted by Martino Mingione at 07:07 PM | Comments (1207) | TrackBack
July 15, 2005
Sue the Bastards
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Forgent Networks is suing cable companies and satellite TV providers. The list includes Comcast, Charter Communications, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, CableOne, EchoStar and DirecTV. Forgent says that DVR providers are violating a patent filed by a videoconferencing company Forgent acquired.
While not suing Scientific-Atlanta, Motorola or TiVo at this time, it looks as though they might be next.
The whole purpose of Forgent appears to be 'technology licensing' as a business strategy. It has sold or shut down the video conferencing business it acquired over the years, but still holds patents for video compression and other technologies related to the conferencing business.
They make you proud to be an American, don't they?
UPDATE:
Forgent has previously met with some success in enforcing a patent for the JPEG compression format which it acquired, and Forgent claims that its licensing program has generated over $100 million in revenues from companies in Asia, Europe and the US. The DVR patent at question in the new litigation describes a computer-controlled video system that allows playback during recording: during playback.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 01:07 PM | Comments (32) | TrackBackJuly 03, 2005
EchoStar Invests in Archos
Recently, TiVo made news with their TiVo-To-Go announcement. Now EchoStar (which operates the satellite TV DISH Network), has made a $9 million investment in Archos. Archos is acompany which announced last January will be supplying it with portable DVR's.
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The DVR's that Archos is developing for EchoStar will have 20-40GB hard drives and screens that range in size from 2.2 inches to 7 inches. According to EchoStar, the devices, which will be marketed under the brand "PocketDish," will support USB 2.0, making it possible to download a recorded movie from an EchoStar set-top box in around five minutes. They will also store music, games and photos. EchoStar says that it will begin offering the devices later in the summer or in the early fall.
I had used the EchoStar DVR's up until when I moved last week. My experience with them is that their UI was very well thought out and quite good. Too bad I will not be able to take advantage of this offering.
For the bean-counters in the audience, the investment was made through the private issuance of convertible bonds at a subscription value of $4.10 per bond. The bonds are convertible into approximately 26% of Archos' share capital and bear interest at an annual rate of 5%. They are convertible by EchoStar at any time, with the conversion rate set at one share per bond, subject to possible further adjustments. Archos has the right to convert or redeem a portion of the bonds at any time, subject to certain restrictions.
UPDATE:
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Archos releases a PC-independent portable device that combines featues of the iPod and DVR. |
May 27, 2005
TiVo's Loss Narrows on Subscriber Growth
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TiVo exceeded Wall Street expectations and saw its quarterly losses shrink thanks to cost-cutting measures and the addition of 319,000 new subscribers.
TiVo said it had a fiscal first-quarter loss of $857,000, or 1 cent per share, compared with a loss of $9.07 million, or 11 cents per share, in the same period of 2004. Revenue for the quarter was $46.9 million, up 36% from $34.5 million in the year-ago period.
Executives have told investors that TiVo will reach profitability by the last quarter of the current fiscal year. They still expect the company to post a net loss for the year, however.
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Read the entire story in the Wall Street Journal. |
May 15, 2005
Comcast Deploys 428,000 DVR- or HD-Equipped Set-Tops in Q1
In a conference call with financial analysts following Comcast's release of its first-quarter financial results, COO, Steve Burke, revealed that the MSO deployed around 428,000 "advanced" (i.e. DVR- or HD-equipped) set-top boxes in the quarter -- 200,000 more than it had anticipated.
Burke credited demand for DVR and HD services as a significant factor in the MSO's strong quarterly results: its revenues totaled $5.4 billion, up 9% from the year-ago quarter, while its operating profit totaled $2 billion; it added 200,000 digital subscribers and 414,000 high-speed data customers in the course of the quarter. Comcast plans to invest up to $300 million in its service this year, much of which will be used to increase the number of HD DVR's on its networks.
Time Warner Cable, meanwhile, has revealed that it deployed an additional 136,000 DVR's to its customers in the first quarter, bringing its deployed DVR base to just short of a million by the end of the quarter.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 02:45 PM | Comments (76) | TrackBackApril 29, 2005
Time Warner Cable, Cablevision Confirm Network PVR Plans
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At the Banc of America Securities media conference in New York City last month, Time Warner Cable CEO, Glenn Britt, and Cablevision COO, Tom Rutledge, confirmed once again that their respective companies are planning to offer network PVR services later this year.
According to Britt, Time Warner Cable's service, which will be based on technology developed under the auspices of its now-defunct MystroTV project, and which will be offered under the brand, "Startover," will allow viewers to rewind the show they are currently watching to the beginning: it will not, however, allow viewers to then fast-forward through commercials, Britt said. Because of copyright concerns, Startover will only work for shows for which Time Warner Cable has received permission from programmers to offer on the service, he added. The service will initially be tested on the MSO's Columbia, South Carolina system.
Cablevision's service, Rutledge said, will allow subscribers to store recorded programming in assigned storage areas on central servers -- dubbed "condominiums" by the company--and to watch it whenever they choose. Britt told attendees that Time Warner Cable believes this approach could run into copyright problems, but Rutledge said that his company's legal team believes there should be no more violation of copyright involved than when consumers record programming onto a cable operator-owned DVR at the customer premises.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 05:39 AM | Comments (162) | TrackBackApril 28, 2005
Scientific Atlanta Grows From DVR Sales
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Much of the news in advertising and digital television revolves around the impact of the digital video recorder (DVR). Here is the financial report of just one (albeit a large one) manufacturer. Note that at the bottom of their quarterly statistics, SA added almost half as many DVR's as TiVo has total in non-DirectTV households!
Digital TV equipment provider, Scientific-Atlanta, has released financial results for its fiscal third quarter:
• Sales totaled $489.5 million, representing an increase of $52.5 million, or 12%, from the year-ago quarter, and an increase of $47.8 million, or 11%, from the preceding quarter.
The company attributed the year-over-year increase in subscriber product sales to "the mix shift toward higher-end digital set-top products and higher sales of cable modems, partially offset by lower selling prices for all set-top models."
• Gross margin was 36.9% of sales, flat with the year-ago quarter and down by 20 basis points from the preceding quarter. The company attributed the decrease to "the continued decline of average selling prices."
• Earnings totaled $61.7 million, or $0.40 per share, up $7.8 million, or 14%, from the year-ago quarter, and up $3 million, or 5%, from the preceding quarter.
At the end of the quarter, the company's cash reserves and short-term investments totaled $1.453 billion, up $137.2 million from the end of the preceding quarter. Cash provided by operating activities during the quarter totaled $148.6 million.
The company shipped 496,000 DVR's during the quarter, representing a 62% increase from the year-ago quarter, and an 11% increase from the preceding quarter. Slightly more than half of those shipments were of high-definition DVR's.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 06:09 AM | Comments (129) | TrackBackApril 14, 2005
Strategies to Entice Viewers to Watch Live TV , not on DVR
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There really is no limit to the ways one can rationalize a topic when facing an ugly reality. Take for instance an article in today's Wall Street Journal entitled Networks Take On the Time Machine. Its general premise is that some networks are working to give scheduled programs the sheen of a live sports event or one-time-only spectacular to compel viewers to watch in real time rather than recording them for later viewing.
Executive really don't get it if they think ideas like this might work. My favorite quote from the article is:
"As May approaches, so does some of the networks' most-compelling content: cliffhanger plots, shocking story turns, and season and series finales. Among potential highlights are this season's last, tension-filled episodes of "24" on News Corp.'s Fox; the series finale of "Everybody Loves Raymond" on Viacom's CBS; and the potential for enigma-solving on "Lost" on Walt Disney's ABC. If there is a place to take a stand against ad-skipping, this is it."
The DVR allows a viewer to 'time shift' a show and watch it at his/her own convenience. That really is the main point of the device -- even over ad-skipping. Ironically, on my DVR the only show that we faithfully record and refuse to watch all season is Fox's 24. The reason is that we love it.
A season ago my wife commented that she hated watching an episode only to wait another week to see how Jack Bower was going to get out of this week's pickle. Additionally, we also don't like to watch the ads. Our solution was simple, record all 24 episdodes before even watching this season!
No amount of hype is going to make us want to watch the ads. Likewise, no impending sense of urgency is going to make us start watching even the first episode of this season's 24 before we know that we have them all recorded. Then, over a week or two (probably by summer) we will watch the whole season at one time. Not only is it convenient, but we get back roughly 432 minutes of our life, too. (That is, skipping 18 minutes of commercials per episode over 24 episodes).
And this is the real problem that networks face. I have the control over my viewing patterns and they don't.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 08:01 PM | Comments (148) | TrackBackApril 03, 2005
TiVo Trials New "Pop-Up" Advertising Technology
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TiVo has begun testing a new advertising technology, designed to counteract the ad-skipping that its service allows. The technology, which is initially being tested on a small number of deployed Series2 boxes, displays half-second, pop-up, quarter-screen banner ads whenever viewers fast-forward through commercial breaks: if interested in the product or service advertised by one of the banners, viewers can press the thumbs-up button on their TiVo remotes to access an area that provides more information.
When it announced earlier this month that it had secured a deployment deal with Comcast, TiVo stated that the deal would make its platform's enhanced advertising features "widely available" to Comcast customers.
Personally, I think that TiVo's most innovative solution for advertisers are their 'telescopic' ads that creatively mix content with advertising and take advantage of the DVR platform. However, for that strategy to be highly effective, a much larger number of households must be targeted. Something more like Comcast and Time Warner Cable's base added together?
Posted by Martino Mingione at 06:40 PM | Comments (25) | TrackBackMarch 17, 2005
Comcast Reaches TiVo DVR Deal
I read today that TiVo stock skyrocketed 75% on yesterday's news of its deal with Comcast. Let's do a little reality check:
Net loss last year at TiVo: $26.4 million
Number of total Comcast subscribers: 21 million
Number of subs paying extra for digital: 40%
If 50% of them paid Comcast another $10/mo. for TiVo: 4 million subscribers
So, if TiVo gets less than $1 per month per Comcast subscriber willing to pay the extra money, it could possibly earn an extra $45 million. And that is probably an unrealistically high target. Additionally, it will take years to attain it if it is even possible.
I do not intend to rain on TiVo's parade because any new revenue stream is a good revenue stream. However, stock traders might want to tread a little more cautiously.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 07:54 AM | Comments (87) | TrackBackMarch 02, 2005
Time Warner Cable's Q4 Results Show Strong DVR Growth
In its Q4 results, Time Warner Cable revealed that its DVR service continues to see strong growth. The MSO added 153,000 DVR subscribers in the course of the quarter, bringing the total number of DVR-equipped Time Warner Cable subs to 862,000 at the end of the year.
It also added 171,000 SVOD subs during the quarter, for a total of 1.5 million at the end of the year. Revenues from its digital video services totaled $131 million, up 25% from the year-ago quarter.
Posted by Martino Mingione at 05:47 PM | Comments (313) | TrackBack
